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Bentong Ginger Effect

Effects of different light intensities and COշ enrichment on yield and pharmaceutical quality of young ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe)

Ghasemzadeh Daghigh, Ali (2011) Effects of different light intensities and COշ enrichment on yield and pharmaceutical quality of young ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe). PhD thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Abstract

In this study, the effect of some environmental factors (light intensity and CO2 concentration) on physiological characteristics and biochemical changes of Malaysian young ginger varieties namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara were considered. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is herbaceous annual plant of the family Zingiberaceae, locally known as Halia in Malaysia. It is one of the most common medicinal plants used by diverse ancient cultures and has been widely used as health food and in cosmetic industries. Information on the polyphenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) of Malaysian young ginger and their biological activities are still scarce and such data would be useful to provide information on foods containing high levels of beneficial components. A factorial experiment was designed to determine effect of different solvent polarity on extraction yield of flavonoids and phenolic acids of Malaysian young ginger varieties namely Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The results showed extraction solvent had significant effects on total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), quercetin, catechin and rutin contents and antioxidant activity of Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. The highest content of TP (39.06mg/g dry weight), TF (7.05mg/g dry weight) and 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay activities (58.21%) were found in methanolic extracts compared to acetone and chloroform extracts. A factorial experiment was designed to determine effect of different light intensity (310, 460, 630 and 790µmol/m2/s) on yield and pharmeocological quality of Halia Bentong and Halia Bara. Between the two varieties and four levels of glasshouse light intensities (310, 460, 630 and 790µmol/m2/s) that were tested, Halia Bara exhibited highest TF content (8.45 mg/g dry weight) under 310µmol/m2/s, while TP was high (39.06mg/g dry weight) in this variety under a light intensity of 790µmol/m2/s. The partitioning of TF and TP at 16 weeks after planting was: leaves > rhizomes > stems. Antioxidant activities determined by the DPPH assay and ferric reducing (FRAP) activity in both varieties increased significantly with increasing TF concentration, and high antioxidant activity 62.8% for DPPH assay, and 788.5µmol Fe(II)/g dry weight for FRAP assay, were observed respectively in the leaves and rhizomes of Halia Bara grown under 310µmol/m2/s. The results of HPLC analysis indicated that synthesis and partitioning of quercetin, rutin, catechin, epicatechin and naringenin were high in plants grown under 310µmol/m2/s. The evidence from this study elucidated that the average value of flavonoids synthesis for both varieties increased (Halia Bentong 26.1%; Halia Bara 19.6%) by decreasing light intensity from 790 to 310µmol/m2/s. However, high photosynthesis rate (12.25µmolCO2/m2/s in Halia Bara), plant biomass (79.47g in Halia Bentong) and total soluble carbohydrate content (18.49 mg/g dry weight in Halia Bara) were observed at 790µmol/m2/s. A factorial experiment was designed to determine alteration of flavonoids synthesis during growth period of young ginger varieties for 16 weeks. Time to harvest was observed to be an important factor for accumulation of TF in the plants. In both varieties, the concentration of flavonoids in the leaves decreased (Halia Bentong, 42.3%; Halia Bara 36.7%), and in the rhizomes it increased (Halia Bentong 59.6%; Halia Bara 60.1%) as the growth period increased from 8 to 16 weeks. A split-split plot experiment was designed to investigate effects of two level of CO2 (400 and 800 µmol/mol) on production of primary metabolites (soluble sugar and starch), secondary metabolites (flavonoids and phenolic acids) and leaf gas exchange of Halia Bentong and Halia Bara for 16 weeks. The results showed that as CO2 levels increased from 400 to 800µmol/mol TF, TP, total soluble carbohydrates (TSC) and starch content also increased considerably. In this study, eight flavonoids and six phenolic acids were identified. In addition, after fisetin (3.11mg/g dry weight, in Halia Bara rhizome) in CO2 enriched plants, quercetin (1.33mg/g dry weight, in Halia Bara leaves), and morin (0.876mg/g dry weight, in Halia Bentong rhizome) were detected in the highest amount. Concurrently, gallic acid (0.645mg/g dry weight, in Halia Bara leaves) and vanillic acids (0.357mg/g dry weight, in Halia Bara rhizome) were the phenolic acids that were most highly detected. The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that CO2 enriched ginger plants exhibited the ability to synthesize new compounds such as vanillic acid, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid which were not detected from gingers grown under ambient CO2 concentration. The current study is the first report of the isolation of flavonoid and phenolic compounds from Malaysian young ginger varieties and has shown these varieties are the major dietary source for flavonoids especially quercetin, fisetin and morin. Higher photosynthetic rate (10.05µmol CO2/m2/s in Halia Bara) and plant biomass (83.4 g in Halia Bentong) were observed at 800µmol/mol CO2 compare to 400µmol/mol CO2. Stomatal conductance decreased and water use efficiency increased with elevated CO2 concentration. Free radical scavenging power (DPPH) increased about 30% in Halia Bentong and 21.4% in Halia Bara by elevated CO2 concentration and the rhizomes exhibited more enhanced free radical scavenging power, with 44.9% in Halia Bentong and 46.2% in Halia Bara. In addition, enriched Halia Bara exhibited the highest anticancer activity on MCF–7 cancer cells with IC50 values of 25.3 and 27.31μg/ml respectively, for rhizome and leaf extract. The IC50 values for MDA–MB–231 exhibition were 30 and 32.81μg/ml, respectively for rhizome extract of Halia Bara and Halia Bentong. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Malaysian young ginger varieties can be enhanced by controlled environment production and CO2 enrichment
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Reiki Healing

What is Reiki?

Reiki Principles

Reiki is a Japanese technique for stress reduction and relaxation that also promoted healing.  It is administered by "laying on hands" and is based on the idea that an unseen "life force energy" flows through us and is what causes us to be alive.

Reiki is just a form of energy. “Rei” means God and “Ki” energy – it accesses the highest form of vibration energy. There is absolutely no belief system attached to Reiki so anyone can receive or learn to give a Reiki treatment, the only prerequisite is the desire to be healed or to heal. Reiki is one of many tools for your physical, emotional and spiritual journey, nothing more. Receiving or giving Reiki will not contradict your religious practice in any way.

Reiki Healing Preview by Dr Pranav B.J - 25th March, 2017

Basic Rules For Good Health

    Waste accumulation is the cause for many disease and its elimination is identified as disease. In there is no disease at all and therefore to avoid any further accumulation of waste, the following basic rules need to be adhered:

1. Eat only when you are hungry.
2. Drink water and only water, when you feel thirsty. Wet your lips and throat and do not consume more than two gulps at a time.
3. The food you consume should have all the six tastes. Processed food does not contain all the six tastes.
4. Avoid milk, curds and other animal products containing animal proteins.
5. Use only rock salt. Do not consume free flowing salts.
6. Store mineral water in an earthen pot before consumption.
7. Chew the food well so that all the tastes are digested in the mouth. We should swallow only the tasteless well macerated food. (Drink the food).
8. More than 50% of the diet should be from fruits, salads & sprouts.

Credit - Dr B.G. Raghavan (M. Accu,M.Sc.,Ph. D)

Natural Liver Tonic

    Healthy liver is an important element of good health, yet not much importance was given to this organ. Most of us seldom pay attention until it was too late or when circumstance forced us. Only then we rush to do damage control. Indeed it was a serious health problem it most of the countries.

    Liver, the poor organ were forced to overwork when we are not at our best in our diet. The over-worked liver had to detoxify excessive toxins from our bad dietary habits and from environmental pollutants that get sent in to it each day.

   When the level of toxins in the body become to high for the liver to confront, over-stress cause the liver to degenerate  and become less efficient in its function. This organ maintains the tissues and keep the body in good shape. In TCM, liver is Wood Element. Any imbalance in this organ causes muscles and tissues health problem leading to lethargic and tiredness. The outer organ that corresponds to liver is eye. This means if you have liver problem, it can be observed from our eyes. E.g Yellow fever causes eyes to become yellow; an indication of liver signaling SOS!!

    Simple remedy to detox the liver is by making up beet-root, carrot and green apple juice. This is highly effective way to cleanse the liver and expedite faster toxin removal process out of the body. Drinking this liver tonic for a few days in a week (for detox purpose only) improves liver function and increases the general immunity and overall health.

Important Note: Check with your health doctor for side-effects and allergies before consuming this home made tonic. BTW, it's not of great harm nevertheless, but just as a precaution. Always remember not to continuously consume for along period of time. Check out the interval periods and how to juice them on health websites.

    

    

Our Body is the first best doctor

    Our Body is the First Best Doctor 

    The waste coming out of the body should not be suppressed. When suppressed, they become disease. This was mentioned in traditional life science therapies like Siddha, Ayuveda, Yunani, grandmother's medicinal cures, natural food treatments etc. These are also available in ancient literature of several ancient countries, specially the understanding and explanations of this is available in ancient Tamil literature.

    Until the beginning of the 20th century due to the research of few English doctors the Naturopathy which started against drugs, elimination philosophy was also formed and it was connected completely with the functioning of vital energy. "The wastes" are the only food for germs, and once when these wastes are removed, the germs will no longer survive.

    Our body itself functions as a doctor by eliminating the wastes in the body and keeping it healthy. Body is the first best doctor.Only Naturopathy gives us an understanding that body is the real doctor. 

Waste stagnation is the cause of disease!!

In naturopathy vital energy is crucial. The vital energy functions in the body are :

1. Assimilation
2. Elimination

If the above functions are normal and balanced, its is good health. Otherwise, if imbalance is lost, then health gets a setback. Normalizing these functions is Naturopathy.

Five(5) Elements Healing

    Understand yourself and heal your body by tapping the universal energy force. This force is the freely available around you. Feel this energy, sense its presence and use to your advantage. We're born mirroring the cosmic creation, comprising all the elements sparked away from its source. Our body is the miniature version of the cosmic existence. Revitalize and energized throughout the day by basking in the equilibrium position of the five(5) elements of the universe. The basic components of Five(5) Elements are the foundation of Five(5) Elements Theory originated from ancient traditional healers:

• Fire (Heart / Small Intestine) 
• Earth (Stomach / Spleen)
• Air (Lung / Large Intestine)
• Water (Bladder / Urinary bladder)
• Wood (Liver / Gall Bladder)  

    The balance of the 5 elements creates a wellness health condition. Imbalance bring forward dis-ease or health issues. Ancient people, especially from Eastern countries understood that Universe, Body and Soul(mind) can be sensed as five elements and it corresponds to all the aspects of life. The hidden soul energy and life quality has widely spread as five elements. Thus, understanding the body is the best way to understand the secrets of the universe.

Nature Heals